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[Music]

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[Applause]

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hi everyone thanks for inviting me to

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talk at this session I'm really excited

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to be here so here we have dots

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representing locations where we've

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actually recovered methane hydrate all

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over the planet the stars are special

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spots that I've personally been to out

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on the ships recovering hydrate or

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collecting low logs which is my

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specialty and you can see lots of things

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about this one for one we see find a lot

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of hydrate hugging continental margins

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because what causes hydrate to be there

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is organic matter and it's biotic in

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origin almost all hydrates we do have on

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planet Earth our biotic except for just

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a few years ago there was this paper

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published about this hydrate office fall

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barred that we think is a biotic in

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origin so that's the little black swan

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we just heard about in Australia in the

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last session but basically if you

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haven't seen any hydrate I put in this

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video that I love to show all over the

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world who you're looking at hydrate

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burning hydrate is really concentrated

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methane surrounded by a water lattice it

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looks like frozen ice it looks like snow

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and people are interested in it

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economically as a potential form of

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natural gas and also maybe a really

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large component of the Earth's carbon

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cycle because it may contain 15 to 40

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percent of Earth's carbon so that's why

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I study methane hydrate I'm really

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interested in how much carbon there is

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in hydrates but I also want to come out

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to you guys starting in this talk

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because I'm not a biologist or a

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microbiologist or even a chemist I'm a

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petrol physicist and geophysicist and

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what that means is I go out on ships I

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spend a lot of time looking at this

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seismic data you see in the background

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here we have the seafloor and all the

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layers underneath the seafloor of

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sediments and I try to figure out where

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we can drill to find gas hydrate and

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understand the system and that's a

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really rewarding part of what I do

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because I if I'm lucky and all of the

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stars align and funding I get to go out

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and actually drill and figure out if the

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ideas I have are working out and making

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sense so that's a really

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wording part of my work and I really

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love thinking about gas hydrate systems

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in the subsurface I want to know what

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the dimensions are what the features are

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what kind of complex systems are

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interacting and I actually find that

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microbes are a huge part of a gas

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hydrate systems on earth before I get to

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that I just wanted to do a couple of

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definitions because I know we have a

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really broad session we find gas

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hydrates and marine sediments all over

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the world where we have low temperatures

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and high pressures here you're looking

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at the sea surface down to the sea floor

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and then into sediments and you're

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looking at the hydrothermal geothermal

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gradient so the ocean is cooling all the

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way down to the sea floor and then

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starting to warm up in the sediments and

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if we can put the clathrate or hydrate

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stability boundary on top of that you

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can see that we start getting clathrates

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or hydrates stable at about 300 to 600

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meters depending on the temperature of

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the ocean and that location and then

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they're down stable down to the seafloor

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at this location and and then they

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become unstable in the sediments because

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the geothermal gradient warms up to

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where it's too hot for hydrates to be

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stable on planet earth however we don't

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really find

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hydrate in the ocean anywhere we don't

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really find much methane in the ocean

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all the methane is nearly dissolved

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because the ocean is under saturated and

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methane

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I can imagine really exciting planets

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out there where you would have hydrate

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forming here and then floating up in the

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ocean system icebergs of natural gas

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hydrate we don't see that because of the

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ocean being under saturated in methane

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so we really see hydrate just kind of

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forming and this zone here from the

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seafloor down to where it becomes too

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warm in the sediments another way to

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think about that if you don't like the

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stability diagram is like here's you and

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you're like hanging out on the ocean at

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the beach maybe you have a margarita and

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over here you have the continental shelf

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you don't have any hydrate stable there

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but then as you move down on the

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continental slope the water column gets

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thick enough and so the pressure is high

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enough that you have hydrate stable in

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the sediments and then the hydrate

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stability zone thickens

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as you move out of the deeper and deeper

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ocean columns however when I when I show

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these diagrams and when people first

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start thinking about how great stability

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I think it gives you this wrong

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perception that hydrate is really

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homogeneous in the subsea floor system

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and that is beyond the truth in fact we

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find hydrate systems to be completely

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heterogeneous and diverse types and

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different types of sediments and that

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microbes are contributing differently

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and these different systems so here

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you're seeing a really new in fact right

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now not published

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I just communicated with the lead author

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of this paper that's going to be coming

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out in reviews of geophysics and I think

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you guys might be interested in it

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she has identified five different types

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of hydrate systems in the subsurface

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there may be even more one of them is

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this sort of classic system where you

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have like an anticlinal system that

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brings gas up from deep and thermogenic

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gas and it moves through the hydrate

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system and maybe creates a sort of

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fractures here and then you actually

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have gas moving into the ocean that's

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like the kind of classic one that's

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really easy for us to identify and with

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fact we know the most about that system

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but there are so many other systems that

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we find in the subsurface when we

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actually go out to drill there another

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one that's kind of like more petroleum

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and more typical for like a kind of

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petroleum system where you have gas

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moving again from below but this time in

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a more permeable on sedimentary layer

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like a sandwich system and the other you

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have gas below and hydrate above and

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then we had this like kind of

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confounding system that we've just

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started to find over the last decade

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where we found hydrate at high

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concentrations in these thin sands that

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were far far removed from the base of

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the hydrate stability zone and like how

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did the hydrate even get there that was

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a very confusing thing for us I'd like

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to talk about a model that I put

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together with co-author Alberto

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Malandrino lamont-doherty that shows how

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you can get really high saturations of

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hydrate and sand and I was just talking

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to Megan

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Ellen Madden yesterday about hydrates on

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Mars and like

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definitely coarse-grained systems there

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as well but so you could have this kind

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of system happening on other planets so

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here we have sand at the top and we have

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mud you can just think of this as mud

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and all the gray and and we have a

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couple of different things happening

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first we have the solubility you have to

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reach so the amount of dissolved methane

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you have to have to get free gas out of

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the system in this dash line and then

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the excess amount you have to make in

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fine-grained sediments because the pores

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are super tiny so you actually have to

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take more methane to get methane to come

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out of solution and become free gas so

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there's this difference here and then

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and then on top of this I haven't drawn

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like a potential dissolved methane

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profile well in this system we have

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achieved enough methane down here for

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the sand but we don't have any sand so

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over here we have literally no hydrate

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no hydrate yet just dissolved methane

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and then if we move the sand down over

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time due to sedimentation and compaction

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the sand would eventually reach that

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higher dissolved methane concentration

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and bang you have hydrate and forming

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the Hydra actually lowers the dissolve

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methane concentration and so that you

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have higher dissolved methane

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concentrations around it so you actually

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member the diffusive flocks of methane

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coming from fine-grained or muddy

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sediments into the sand system and it's

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a continuous diffusive flux and if you

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got my groups around that you're

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continuing to create more and more

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methane and more and more methane goes

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into the sand creating more and more

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hydrate and you can get really high

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hydrate saturation without any amount of

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methane hydrate actually forming in the

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fine-grained sediments and then you can

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also have even more developed systems

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where you may have even more methane

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being generated as you move the system

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down and then you may see hydrate also

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forming in the fine-grained mud

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surrounding it and then this like

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hydrate free zone and then more hydrate

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in the sand and then another hydrate

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free zone so you can get these really

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heterogeneous distributions just based

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on simple things like differences in

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solubility between marine muds and sands

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okay so I hit on a couple of these

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systems another really interesting

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system that we've identified in the

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subsurface is is this fractured system

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over here these are methane hydrates

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forming and fractures and marine mods

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there near-vertical they are

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interestingly forming in layers so

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unlike this system over here which makes

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sense we've got gas coming up and things

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are fracturing and methane is coming

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everywhere why why was the hydrate in

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fractures here and then why is it

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forming in these really large layers I'm

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not gonna form talk about the fracture

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formation here but I'm happy to check

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chat about someone chat with other

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people about that but I am gonna talk

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about those really large layers of

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hydrate in marine mud okay so this is

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some work I did with a Jess Holman she's

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now at J and s science in New Zealand

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she did all this mapping of a seismic

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section that we had in the Gulf of

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Mexico and we tied well log data that I

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have in these two sites and sorry that's

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a little sliced off there at the top and

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we were able to identify not just one

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layer but three layers where gas hydrate

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appeared to be and fractures extending

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kilometers so here's a kilometer here

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you guys can see so this is like eight

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kilometers of gas hydrate and layers

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over this basic so that was really

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interesting like why is the hydrate

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forming that way you can also notice

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when you look at this that it almost

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looks like there's a cycle like boo

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hydrate here

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no hydrate in this white spot hydrate

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here no hydrate again and so this

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sequester I was like chatting with some

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people out of meeting and they were like

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I bet that's related to glacial cycles

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and so organic matter deposition can be

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higher or lower during different periods

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of time and also glacial cycles are

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really affected that organic matter

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distribution so we looked at sea level

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high stands or low chance another way

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you can think about that is just low sea

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level and high sea level so when sea

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level is low you actually get more

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organic matter far out into that sort of

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deep water system and I'm sorry I showed

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you the map over here this this is

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really deep where we're at like 2000

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meters of water so to get more organic

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matter out there we want to have sieve a

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lot of ol low and so when sea level is

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low we get higher organic matter

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distribution so we took the data that

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we've had at the

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well log three we took an industry well

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we had some bio strat information that

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gave us some ideas about the approximate

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age of the sediments and we were able to

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fit a model where we created the amount

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of gas hydrate we thought should be in

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those layers based on the sea level

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Highland stands at low stands and we

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think we're able to match things pretty

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well to what actual data we measured in

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the whole so this is our resistivity

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logs and they can give us an idea of

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where we have natural gas hydrate and

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you can see we have found hydrate here

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and the pink hydrate here in the pink

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and here's what our model says we should

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have and so there's a bottom part from

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about 250 to 400 is matching really well

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and we did that in a neighboring role we

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have a different bio strat age and again

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it was matching really really well so

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those cycles that we were seeing before

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we now have this hypothesis that they're

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related to glacial cycles and are

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influenced by the amount of organic

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matter that's deposited okay so in

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summary methane clathrate hydrates

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systems on earth hydrate below the sea

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floor is really complex system and it's

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a heterogeneous and distribution and I

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think that microbes play a huge role in

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subsea floor hydrate systems so thank

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you very much I just wanted to

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acknowledge all of my funding here and

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also here's my contact I'm happy to chat

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with anyone about how we find hydrates

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and subsea floor systems

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[Applause]

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to the microphone okay good we have

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people coming up and there's lots of

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seats up here too but if anybody has

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questions if nobody has a quick question

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I just like to say we just heard that

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there may be is a lot of methane on Mars

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and you know the systems that would be

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really similar to that or he's like

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belching systems here we have gas coming

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out and also over here in permafrost

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systems where a gas is coming out but

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that doesn't mean that we don't have all

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these other complex systems happening on

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Mars as well on earth as well these

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systems are the easiest to detect and so

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we're just sort of picking up I think

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what could the complexity of what could

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be in a place like Mars in the different

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different regions and whether you've

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seen any difference in the in the

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isotopic composition depending on the

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type of methane clathrate that you've

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you've got there okay so yes we have a

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geochemist at work and hydrates that

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study a lot about isotopic composition

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as I mentioned at the beginning like

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nearly everything we think is biotic on

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Earth but we also have like a lot of

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microbial M thermogenic methane that's

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forming hydrates in fact though places

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where we think we should be finding

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hydrate that's thermogenic like this one

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where we have seem to have gas coming

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from deep and below we are finding over

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and over again that those tend to be

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more microbial and so we think those may

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be reworked microbial systems where the

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thermogenic guests coming up from below

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and then microbes are then altering that

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gas and that's a really new idea but

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it's we keep finding it over and over

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I so if if this is related to microbes

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and you've got this kind of sporadic

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distribution how do you explain how do

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you explain that interaction I mean

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would our microbes gonna be a little

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more system at you know ubiquitous yeah

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I think it's really the coupling between

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where the microbes are living how

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they're generating methane and then the

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geologic system that's there so like I

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was showing where we were getting large

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amounts of hydrate in the sand and maybe

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not in the muds well the organic matters

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in the mud so it's it's moving somehow

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and the microbes are making methane

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somehow but it's concentrating them in

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the sand so maybe the microbes are

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living more in the sand or maybe there

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and methane is moving and it dissolved

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I mean organic matter was moving

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dissolved into the sand and creating

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that hydrate have you looked at any

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sequence stratigraphy - as a predictive

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model for this oh that's such a good

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question I just wrote a proposal I just

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wrote a proposal to like get some more

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data and chords from the site where we

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did that modeling to look at glacial

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cycles involved in microbial methane and

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I'm really interested in getting the

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sediments from there because I would

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really like to understand the sequence

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trigger way better and also get much

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better age dating so that we might be

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able to prove or disprove that